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• Journal article
  Vitale A, Hennessy MG, Matar OK, Cabral JTet al., 2014,

  Interfacial profile and propagation of frontal photopolymerization waves

  , Macromolecules, Vol: 48, Pages: 198-205, ISSN: 0024-9297

  We investigate the frontal photopolymerization of a thiol–ene system with a combination of experiments and modeling, focusing on the interfacial conversion profile and its planar wave propagation. We spatially resolve the solid-to-liquid front by FT-IR and AFM mechanical measurements, supplemented by differential scanning calorimetry. A simple coarse-grained model is found to describe remarkably well the frontal kinetics and the sigmoidal interface, capturing the effects of UV light exposure time (or dose) and temperature, as well as the front position and resulting patterned dimensions after development. Analytical solutions for the conversion profile enable the description of all conditions with a single master curve in the moving frame of the front position. Building on this understanding, we demonstrate the design and fabrication of gradient polymer materials, with tunable properties along the direction of illumination, which can be coupled with lateral patterning by modulated illumination or grayscale lithography.

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• Journal article
  Schroeder BC, Li Z, Brady MA, Faria GC, Ashraf RS, Takacs CJ, Cowart JS, Duong DT, Chiu KH, Tan C-H, Cabral JT, Salleo A, Chabinyc ML, Durrant JR, McCulloch Iet al., 2014,

  Enhancing fullerene-based solar cell lifetimes by addition of a fullerene dumbbell

  , Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, Vol: 53, Pages: 12870-12875, ISSN: 1521-3773

  Cost-effective, solution-processable organic photovoltaics (OPV) present an interesting alternative to inorganic silicon-based solar cells. However, one of the major remaining challenges of OPV devices is their lack of long-term operational stability, especially at elevated temperatures. The synthesis of a fullerene dumbbell and its use as an additive in the active layer of a PCDTBT:PCBM-based OPV device is reported. The addition of only 20 % of this novel fullerene not only leads to improved device efficiencies, but more importantly also to a dramatic increase in morphological stability under simulated operating conditions. Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (DSIMS) and TEM are used, amongst other techniques, to elucidate the origins of the improved morphological stability.

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• Journal article
  Dattani R, Michels R, Nedoma AJ, Schweins R, Westacott P, Huber K, Cabral JTet al., 2014,

  Conformation and Interactions of Polystyrene and Fullerenes in Dilute to Semidilute Solutions

  , Macromolecules, Vol: 47, Pages: 6113-6120, ISSN: 0024-9297

  We report the polymer conformation and fullereneaggregation in a ternary system containing polystyrene, C60, andtoluene measured by small angle neutron, static, and dynamic lightscattering. We investigate polymer concentrations across the diluteand semidilute regime for five polymer molecular weights (Mw =20 kg/mol to 1 Mg/mol), and fullerene concentrations below andabove its miscibility threshold in toluene. We find that the polymerradius of gyration (Rgpoly), hydrodynamic radius (Rh), and themixture correlation length (ξ) remain unchanged upon addition ofC60. The miscibility of C60 in toluene, however, decreases upon addition of polystyrene forming aggregates with a timedependentradius on the order of 100 nm, and this effect is amplified with increasing polymer Mw. Our findings are relevant tothe solution processing of organic photovoltaics, which generally require the effective solubilization of fullerene derivatives andpolymer pairs in this concentration range.

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• Journal article
  Dattani R, Bannock JH, Fei Z, MacKenzie RCI, Guilbert AAY, Vezie MS, Nelson J, de Mello JC, Heeney M, Cabral JT, Nedoma AJet al., 2014,

  A general mechanism for controlling thin film structures in all-conjugated block copolymer: fullerene blends

  , JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY A, Vol: 2, Pages: 14711-14719, ISSN: 2050-7488
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• Journal article
  Gorgojo P, Karan S, Wong HC, Jimenez-Solomon MF, Cabral JT, Livingston AGet al., 2014,

  Ultrathin Polymer Films with Intrinsic Microporosity: Anomalous Solvent Permeation and High Flux Membranes

  , Advanced Functional Materials, Vol: 24, Pages: 4729-4737, ISSN: 1616-3028

  Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membranes with ultrathin separation layers down to 35 nm in thickness fabricated from a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) are presented. These membranes exhibit exceptionally fast permeation of n-heptane with a rejection for hexaphenylbenzene of about 90%. A 35 nm thick PIM-1 membrane possesses a Young's modulus of 222 MPa, and shows excellent stability under hydraulic pressures of up to 15 bar in OSN. A maximum permeance for n-heptane of 18 Lm−2h−1bar−1 is achieved with a 140 nm thick membrane, which is about two orders of magnitude higher than Starmem240 (a commercial polyimide-based OSN membrane). Unexpectedly, decreasing the film thickness below 140 nm results in an anomalous decrease in permeance, which appears to be related to a packing enhancement of PIM-1, as measured by light interferometry. Further, thermal annealing of the membranes formed from PIM-1 reveals that their permeance is preserved up to temperatures in excess of 150 °C, whereas the permeance of conventional, integrally skinned, asymmetric polyimide OSN membranes decreases significantly when they are annealed under the same conditions. To rationalize this key difference in response of functional performance to annealing, the concept of membranes with intrinsic microporosity (MIMs) versus membranes with extrinsic microporosity (MEMs) is introduced.

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• Journal article
  Watanabe T, Lopez CG, Douglas JF, Ono T, Cabral JTet al., 2014,

  Microfluidic Approach to the Formation of Internally Porous Polymer Particles by Solvent Extraction

  , LANGMUIR, Vol: 30, Pages: 2470-2479, ISSN: 0743-7463
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  • Citations: 36
• Journal article
  Bayley FA, Liao JL, Stavrinou PN, Chiche A, Cabral JTet al., 2014,

  Wavefront kinetics of plasma oxidation of polydimethylsiloxane: limits for sub-mu m wrinkling

  , Soft Matter, Vol: 10, Pages: 1155-1166, ISSN: 1744-683X

  We investigate the surface plasma oxidation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers and its implication for the morphologies attainable by wrinkling of glassy-elastomer ‘bilayers’. The kinetics of glassy skin formation is found to follow a logarithmic dependence with plasma exposure time t and, for various plasma intensities I, the relevant control variable is shown to be dose (≡I × t). We model the mechanism and kinetics of glassy film formation by plasma oxidation with a frontal propagation coarse-grained model, describing the spatio-temporal evolution of a conversion order parameter (ϕ) orthogonal to the film surface. The model is validated by X-ray reflectivity experiments, which confirm the logarithmic growth and quantify the initial growth of a transient, incomplete, skin layer during the early stage of plasma exposure. Three regimes are identified as (I) induction, (II) formation and (III) propagation with a combination of X-ray and wrinkling experiments. The simultaneous increase in thickness and skin mechanical modulus is found to be responsible for an unexpected minimum wavelength λmin attainable, which depends on critical strain εc and is ultimately limited by mechanical failure of the elastomer (λmin ≃ 140 nm is demonstrated at ε = 200%). We conclude by establishing a 1D surface morphology diagram, in terms of wavelength λ and amplitude A, limitations and capabilities for producing highly ordered (sub-)micropatterns over macroscopic areas using plasma oxidised PDMS under uniaxial strain.

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• Journal article
  Wong HC, Li Z, Tan CH, Zhong H, Huang Z, Bronstein H, McCulloch I, Cabral JT, Durrant JRet al., 2014,

  Morphological Stability and Performance of Polymer-Fullerene Solar Cells under Thermal Stress: The Impact of Photoinduced PC60BM Oligomerization

  , ACS NANO, Vol: 8, Pages: 1297-1308, ISSN: 1936-0851
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  • Citations: 111
• Conference paper
  Livingston AG, Karan S, Gorgojo P, Jimenez-Solomon MF, Wong HC, Cabral Jet al., 2014,

  Microporosity in organic solvent nanofiltration membranes - Intrinsic or extrinsic?

  , Pages: 127-128
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• Journal article
  Li Z, Wong HC, Huang Z, Zhong H, Tan CH, Tsoi WC, Kim JS, Durrant JR, Cabral JTet al., 2013,

  Performance enhancement of fullerene-based solar cells by light processing

  , NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 4, ISSN: 2041-1723
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  • Citations: 105
• Journal article
  Wong HC, Higgins AM, Wildes AR, Douglas JF, Cabral JTet al., 2013,

  Patterning Polymer-Fullerene Nanocomposite Thin Films with Light

  , ADVANCED MATERIALS, Vol: 25, Pages: 985-991, ISSN: 0935-9648
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  • Citations: 31
• Journal article
  Rushworth CM, Davies J, Cabral JT, Dolan PR, Smith JM, Vallance Cet al., 2012,

  Cavity-enhanced optical methods for online microfluidic analysis

  , CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS, Vol: 554, Pages: 1-14, ISSN: 0009-2614
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  • Citations: 24
• Journal article
  James D, Oag B, Rushworth CM, Lee JWL, Davies J, Cabral JT, Vallance Cet al., 2012,

  High-sensitivity online detection for microfluidics via cavity ringdown spectroscopy

  , RSC ADVANCES, Vol: 2, Pages: 5376-5384
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  • Citations: 13
• Journal article
  Wong HC, Cabral JT, 2011,

  Mechanism and Kinetics of Fullerene Association in Polystyrene Thin Film Mixtures

  , MACROMOLECULES, Vol: 44, Pages: 4530-4537, ISSN: 0024-9297
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  • Citations: 20
• Journal article
  Frosch T, Chan KLA, Wong HC, Cabral JT, Kazarian SGet al., 2010,

  Nondestructive Three-Dimensional Analysis of Layered Polymer Structures with Chemical Imaging

  , LANGMUIR, Vol: 26, Pages: 19027-19032, ISSN: 0743-7463
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  • Citations: 33
• Conference paper
  Davies J, Rushworth C, Vallance C, Cabral JTet al., 2010,

  Drop kinetic analysis in real time by optical spectroscopy

  , Pages: 330-332

  The spatio-temporal correspondence between microchannel position and reaction 'time' permits the study of kinetics of (chemical and physical) processes with unprecedented time resolution and dynamic range [1]. Monitoring reactions in real-time with non-invasive probes remains, hitherto, a major shortcoming of microchemical drop reactors due to the minute sample volumes (pL-nL) and fast travel speeds (1-1000 mm/s). We evaluate the potential of novel microdevice fabrication via frontal photopolymerisation (FPP) [2] integrated with Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) [3] for the online analysis of individual reaction travelling droplets.

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• Journal article
  Chua Y-C, Chan A, Wong H-C, Higgins JS, Cabral JTet al., 2010,

  Thermodynamics of TMPC/PSd/Fullerene Nanocomposites SANS Study

  , MACROMOLECULES, Vol: 43, Pages: 9578-9582, ISSN: 0024-9297
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  • Citations: 7
• Journal article
  Wong HC, Cabral JT, 2010,

  Spinodal Clustering in Thin Films of Nanoparticle-Polymer Mixtures

  , PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, Vol: 105, ISSN: 0031-9007
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  • Citations: 29
• Journal article
  Wong HC, Sanz A, Douglas JF, Cabral JTet al., 2010,

  Glass formation and stability of polystyrene-fullerene nanocomposites

  , JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR LIQUIDS, Vol: 153, Pages: 79-87, ISSN: 0167-7322
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  • Citations: 60
• Conference paper
  Wong HC, Cabral JT, 2010,

  Nanoparticle aggregation behaviour in polymer nanocomposites: bulk vs. thin films

  , 14th International Conference on Small-Angle Scattering (SAS09), Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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  • Citations: 7
• Journal article
  Valera FE, Quaranta M, Moran A, Blacker J, Armstrong A, Cabral JT, Blackmond DGet al., 2010,

  The Flow's the Thing ... Or Is It? Assessing the Merits of Homogeneous Reactions in Flask and Flow

  , ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION, Vol: 49, Pages: 2478-2485, ISSN: 1433-7851
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  • Citations: 147
• Conference paper
  Martin HP, Brooks NJ, Seddon JM, Terrill NJ, Luckham PF, Kowalski AJ, Cabral JTet al., 2010,

  Complex fluids under microflow probed by SAXS: rapid microfabrication and analysis

  , 14th International Conference on Small-Angle Scattering (SAS09), Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 1742-6588
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  • Citations: 15
• Journal article
  Cabral JT, Higgins JS, 2009,

  Small Angle Neutron Scattering from the Highly Interacting Polymer Mixture TMPC/PSd: No Evidence of Spatially Dependent chi Parameter

  , MACROMOLECULES, Vol: 42, Pages: 9528-9536, ISSN: 0024-9297
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  • Citations: 14
• Journal article
  Yang G, Tang P, Yang Y, Cabral JTet al., 2009,

  Self-Assembly of AB Diblock Copolymers under Confinement into Topographically Patterned Surfaces

  , JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B, Vol: 113, Pages: 14052-14061, ISSN: 1520-6106
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  • Citations: 16
• Journal article
  Rogers SE, Terry AE, Lawrence MJ, Eastoe J, Cabral JT, Chan Aet al., 2009,

  Soft matter at ISIS

  , MATERIALS TODAY, Vol: 12, Pages: 92-99, ISSN: 1369-7021
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  • Citations: 1
• Journal article
  Tran MQ, Cabral JT, Shaffer MSP, Bismarck Aet al., 2008,

  Direct measurement of the wetting behavior of individual carbon nanotubes by polymer melts: The key to carbon nanotube-polymer composites

  , NANO LETTERS, Vol: 8, Pages: 2744-2750, ISSN: 1530-6984
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  • Citations: 62
• Conference paper
  Sanz A, Ruppel M, Douglas JF, Cabral JTet al., 2008,

  Plasticization effect of C-60 on the fast dynamics of polystyrene and related polymers: an incoherent neutron scattering study

  , 4th European Conference on Neutron Scattering, Publisher: IOP PUBLISHING LTD, ISSN: 0953-8984
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  • Citations: 42
• Journal article
  Chiche A, Stafford CM, Cabral JT, 2008,

  Complex micropatterning of periodic structures on elastomeric surfaces

  , SOFT MATTER, Vol: 4, Pages: 2360-2364, ISSN: 1744-683X
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  • Citations: 106
• Conference paper
  Amis EJ, Beers KL, Hudson SD, 2006,

  High throughput approaches to analysis of complex mixtures

  , 231st National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society, Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC, ISSN: 0065-7727
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• Journal article
  Cabral JT, Hudson SD, 2006,

  Microfluidic approach for rapid multicomponent interfacial tensiometry

  , Lab on A Chip, Vol: 6, Pages: 427-436, ISSN: 1473-0197
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