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  • Journal article
    Boncel S, Pattinson SW, Geiser V, Shaffer MSP, Koziol KKKet al., 2014,

    En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

    , Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Vol: 5, Pages: 219-233, ISSN: 2190-4286

    The catalytic chemical vapour deposition (c-CVD) technique was applied in the synthesis of vertically aligned arrays of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs). A mixture of toluene (main carbon source), pyrazine (1,4-diazine, nitrogen source) and ferrocene (catalyst precursor) was used as the injection feedstock. To optimize conditions for growing the most dense and aligned N-CNT arrays, we investigated the influence of key parameters, i.e., growth temperature (660, 760 and 860 °C), composition of the feedstock and time of growth, on morphology and properties of N-CNTs. The presence of nitrogen species in the hot zone of the quartz reactor decreased the growth rate of N-CNTs down to about one twentieth compared to the growth rate of multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs). As revealed by electron microscopy studies (SEM, TEM), the individual N-CNTs (half as thick as MWCNTs) grown under the optimal conditions were characterized by a superior straightness of the outer walls, which translated into a high alignment of dense nanotube arrays, i.e., 5 × 108 nanotubes per mm2 (100 times more than for MWCNTs grown in the absence of nitrogen precursor). In turn, the internal crystallographic order of the N-CNTs was found to be of a ‘bamboo’-like or ‘membrane’-like (multi-compartmental structure) morphology. The nitrogen content in the nanotube products, which ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 wt %, was controlled through the concentration of pyrazine in the feedstock. Moreover, as revealed by Raman/FT-IR spectroscopy, the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the nanotube walls was found to be proportional to the number of deviations from the sp2-hybridisation of graphene C-atoms. As studied by XRD, the temperature and the [pyrazine]/[ferrocene] ratio in the feedstock affected the composition of the catalyst particles, and hence changed the growth mechanism of individual N-CNTs into a ‘mixed base-and-tip’ (primarily of the base-type) type as compared to t
  • Report
    Skea J, Hannon M, 2014,

    Investing in energy innovation - towards a more effective RD&D landscape

    , Publisher: Energy World
  • Journal article
    Davies TK, Mees CC, Milner-Gulland EJ, 2014,

    The past, present and future use of drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs) in the Indian Ocean

    , MARINE POLICY, Vol: 45, Pages: 163-170, ISSN: 0308-597X
  • Journal article
    Beelen R, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Stafoggia M, Andersen ZJ, Weinmayr G, Hoffmann B, Wolf K, Samoli E, Fischer P, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Vineis P, Xun WW, Katsouyanni K, Dimakopoulou K, Oudin A, Forsberg B, Modig L, Havulinna AS, Lanki T, Turunen A, Oftedal B, Nystad W, Nafstad P, De Faire U, Pedersen NL, Ostenson C-G, Fratiglioni L, Penell J, Korek M, Pershagen G, Eriksen KT, Overvad K, Ellermann T, Eeftens M, Peeters PH, Meliefste K, Wang M, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Sugiri D, Kraemer U, Heinrich J, de Hoogh K, Key T, Peters A, Hampel R, Concin H, Nagel G, Ineichen A, Schaffner E, Probst-Hensch N, Kuenzli N, Schindler C, Schikowski T, Adam M, Phuleria H, Vilier A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Declercq C, Grioni S, Krogh V, Tsai M-Y, Ricceri F, Sacerdote C, Galassi C, Migliore E, Ranzi A, Cesaroni G, Badaloni C, Forastiere F, Tamayo I, Amiano P, Dorronsoro M, Katsoulis M, Trichopoulou A, Brunekreef B, Hoek Get al., 2014,

    Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project

    , LANCET, Vol: 383, Pages: 785-795, ISSN: 0140-6736
  • Journal article
    Funke SW, Farrell PE, Piggott MD, 2014,

    Tidal turbine array optimisation using the adjoint approach

    , Renewable Energy, Vol: 63, Pages: 658-673, ISSN: 0960-1481

    Oceanic tides have the potential to yield a vast amount of renewable energy. Tidal stream generators are one of the key technologies for extracting and harnessing this potential. In order to extract an economically useful amount of power, hundreds of tidal turbines must typically be deployed in an array. This naturally leads to the question of how these turbines should be configured to extract the maximum possible power: the positioning and the individual tuning of the turbines could significantly influence the extracted power, and hence is of major economic interest. However, manual optimisation is difficult due to legal site constraints, nonlinear interactions of the turbine wakes, and the cubic dependence of the power on the flow speed. The novel contribution of this paper is the formulation of this problem as an optimisation problem constrained by a physical model, which is then solved using an efficient gradient-based optimisation algorithm. In each optimisation iteration, a two-dimensional finite element shallow water model predicts the flow and the performance of the current array configuration. The gradient of the power extracted with respect to the turbine positions and their tuning parameters is then computed in a fraction of the time taken for a flow solution by solving the associated adjoint equations. These equations propagate causality backwards through the computation, from the power extracted back to the turbine positions and the tuning parameters. This yields the gradient at a cost almost independent of the number of turbines, which is crucial for any practical application. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by optimising turbine arrays in four idealised scenarios and a more realistic case with up to 256 turbines in the Inner Sound of the Pentland Firth, Scotland.
  • Journal article
    Terdich N, Martinez-Botas RF, Romagnoli A, Pesiridis Aet al., 2014,

    Mild Hybridization via Electrification of the Air System: Electrically Assisted and Variable Geometry Turbocharging Impact on an Off-Road Diesel Engine

    , JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME, Vol: 136, ISSN: 0742-4795
  • Journal article
    Michael NA, Carter A, Whittaker AC, Allen PAet al., 2014,

    Erosion rates in the source region of an ancient sediment routing system: comparison of depositional volumes with thermochronometric estimates

    , Journal of the Geological Society, Vol: 171, Pages: 401-412
  • Journal article
    Dabai F, Paterson N, Milian M, Fennell P, Kandiyoti Ret al., 2014,

    Tar Formation and Destruction in a Fixed Bed Reactor Simulating Downdraft Gasification: Effect of Reaction Conditions on Tar Cracking Products

    , ENERGY & FUELS, Vol: 28, Pages: 1970-1982, ISSN: 0887-0624
  • Journal article
    Rosa IMD, Ahmed SE, Ewers RM, 2014,

    The transparency, reliability and utility of tropical rainforest land-use and land-cover change models

    , Glob Change Biol, Pages: n/a-n/a, ISSN: 1365-2486
  • Journal article
    Boulet P, Parent G, Acern Z, Collin A, Forsth M, Bal N, Rein G, Torero Jet al., 2014,

    Radiation emission from a heating coil or a halogen lamp on a semitransparent sample

    , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES, Vol: 77, Pages: 223-232, ISSN: 1290-0729
  • Journal article
    Vineis P, 2014,

    Climate Changes The new IPCC Report: urgent action needed

    , EPIDEMIOLOGIA & PREVENZIONE, Vol: 38, Pages: 142-143, ISSN: 1120-9763
  • Journal article
    Asgari S, Afshar A, Madani K, 2014,

    Cooperative Game Theoretic Framework for Joint Resource Management in Construction

    , JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT, Vol: 140, ISSN: 0733-9364
  • Journal article
    Yoshida M, Amrania H, Farrell DJ, Browne B, Yoxall E, Ekins-Daukes NJ, Phillips CCet al., 2014,

    Progress Toward Realizing an Intermediate Band Solar Cell-Sequential Absorption of Photons in a Quantum Well Solar Cell

    , IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAICS, Vol: 4, Pages: 634-638, ISSN: 2156-3381
  • Journal article
    Emanuelsson MAE, McIntyre N, Hunt CF, Mawle R, Kitson J, Voulvoulis Net al., 2014,

    Flood risk assessment for infrastructure networks

    , Journal of Flood Risk Management, Vol: 7, Pages: 31-41, ISSN: 1753-318X

    A practical framework for flood risk screening was developed to assess the flood risk to water utility assets within the infrastructure network. The tool is a combination of probability and consequence assessments. The first takes into account how probable it is for a particular asset to flood and cause significant damage. The second estimates the level of consequences a flood will have, considering, for example, the level of loss of service, environmental pollution and cost. The consequence assessment is based on a dependency assessment that identifies knock‐on effects on other assets within the asset network and assesses the level of consequence they will have. The probability and consequence assessments are combined to produce a risk score that can be used to rank assets in a screening process that aims to assist companies in prioritising the investments required for taking action to reduce flood risk to their assets.
  • Journal article
    Michael NA, Whittaker AC, Carter A, Allen PAet al., 2014,

    Volumetric budget and grain-size fractionation of a geological sediment routing system: Eocene Escanilla Formation

    , Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol: 126, Pages: 585-599
  • Journal article
    Caley T, Peeters FJC, Biastoch A, Rossignol L, van Sebille E, Durgadoo J, Malaize B, Giraudeau J, Arthur K, Zahn Ret al., 2014,

    Quantitative estimate of the paleo-Agulhas leakage

    , GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 41, Pages: 1238-1246, ISSN: 0094-8276
  • Journal article
    Brown NJ, Harris JE, Yin X, Silverwood I, White AJP, Kazarian SG, Hellgardt K, Shaffer MSP, Williams CKet al., 2014,

    Mononuclear phenolate diamine zinc hydride complexes and their Reactions with CO2

    , Organometallics, Vol: 33, Pages: 1112-1119, ISSN: 1520-6041

    The synthesis, characterization, and zinc coordination chemistry of the three proligands 2-tert-butyl-4-[tert-butyl (1)/methoxy (2)/nitro (3)]-6-{[(2′-dimethylaminoethyl)methylamino]methyl}phenol are described. Each of the ligands was reacted with diethylzinc to yield zinc ethyl complexes 4–6; these complexes were subsequently reacted with phenylsilanol to yield zinc siloxide complexes 7–9. Finally, the zinc siloxide complexes were reacted with phenylsilane to produce the three new zinc hydride complexes 10–12. The new complexes 4–12 have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analyses. The structures of the zinc hydride complexes have been probed using VT-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments. These data indicate that the complexes exhibit mononuclear structures at 298 K, both in the solid state and in solution (d8-toluene). At 203 K, the NMR signals broaden, consistent with an equilibrium between the mononuclear and dinuclear bis(μ-hydrido) complexes. All three zinc hydride complexes react rapidly and quantitatively with carbon dioxide, at 298 K and 1 bar of pressure over 20 min, to form the new zinc formate complexes 13–15. The zinc formate complexes have been analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and VT-NMR studies, which reveal a temperature-dependent monomer–dimer equilibrium that is dominated by the mononuclear species at 298 K.
  • Journal article
    Masato G, Woollings T, Hoskins BJ, 2014,

    Structure and impact of atmospheric blocking over the Euro-Atlantic region in present-day and future simulations

    , GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, Vol: 41, Pages: 1051-1058, ISSN: 0094-8276
  • Journal article
    Chong YJ, Khan A, Scheelbeek P, Butler A, Bowers D, Vineis Pet al., 2014,

    Climate change and salinity in drinking water as a global problem: using remote-sensing methods to monitor surface water salinity

    , INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING, Vol: 35, Pages: 1585-1599, ISSN: 0143-1161
  • Journal article
    Tariq F, Yufit V, Kishimoto M, Shearing PR, Menkin S, Golodnitsky D, Gelb J, Peled E, Brandon NPet al., 2014,

    Three-dimensional high resolution X-ray imaging and quantification of lithium ion battery mesocarbon microbead anodes

    , JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, Vol: 248, Pages: 1014-1020, ISSN: 0378-7753
  • Journal article
    Abramavicius V, Vithanage DA, Devizis A, Infahsaeng Y, Bruno A, Foster S, Keivanidis PE, Abramavicius D, Nelson J, Yartsev A, Sundstroem V, Gulbinas Vet al., 2014,

    Carrier motion in as-spun and annealed P3HT:PCBM blends revealed by ultrafast optical electric field probing and Monte Carlo simulations

    , PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS, Vol: 16, Pages: 2686-2692, ISSN: 1463-9076
  • Journal article
    Eminov S, Wilton-Ely JDET, Hallett JP, 2014,

    Highly selective and near-quantitative conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using mildly acidic ionic liquids

    , ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol: 2, Pages: 978-981, ISSN: 2168-0485
  • Journal article
    Claudio AFM, Swift L, Hallett JP, Welton T, Coutinho JAP, Freire MGet al., 2014,

    Extended scale for the hydrogen-bond basicity of ionic liquids

    , Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol: 16, Pages: 6593-6601, ISSN: 1463-9084

    In the past decade, ionic liquids (ILs) have been the focus of intensive research regarding their use as potential and alternative solvents in many chemical applications. Targeting their effectiveness, recent investigations have attempted to establish polarity scales capable of ranking ILs according to their chemical behaviours. However, some major drawbacks have been found since polarity scales only report relative ranks because they depend on the set of probe dyes used, and they are sensitive to measurement conditions, such as purity levels of the ILs and procedures employed. Due to all these difficulties it is of crucial importance to find alternative and/or predictive methods and to evaluate them as a priori approaches capable of providing the chemical properties of ILs. Furthermore, the large number of ILs available makes their experimental characterization, usually achieved by a trial and error methodology, burdensome. In this context, we firstly evaluated COSMO-RS, COnductor-like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents, as an alternative tool to estimate the hydrogen-bond basicity of ILs. After demonstrating a straight-line correlation between the experimental hydrogen-bond basicity values and the COSMO-RS hydrogen-bonding energies in equimolar cation–anion pairs, an extended scale for the hydrogen-bond accepting ability of IL anions is proposed here. This new ranking of the ILs' chemical properties opens the possibility to pre-screen appropriate ILs (even those not yet synthesized) for a given task or application.
  • Journal article
    Barndorff-Nielsen OE, Benth FE, Veraart AED, 2014,

    Recent advances in ambit stochastics with a view towards tempo-spatial stochastic volatility/intermittency

    , Banach Center Publications, Vol: 104, Pages: 25-60
  • Report
    Green RJ, Staffell I, 2014,

    The Impact of Government Interventions on Investment in the GB Electricity Market

    , Brussels, Publisher: European Commission

    Report to DG Competition of the European Commission in the State Aid case concerning the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station
  • Journal article
    Barndorff-Nielsen OE, Lunde A, Shephard N, Veraart AEDet al., 2014,

    Integer-valued trawl processes: A class of stationary infinitely divisible processes

    , Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Vol: 41, Pages: 693-724
  • Report
    Granelli A, Veraart AED, 2014,

    Modelling the Variance Risk Premium of Equity Indices: The Role of Dependence and Contagion
  • Journal article
    Romain C, Williams CK, 2014,

    Chemoselective Polymerization Control: From Mixed-Monomer Feedstock to Copolymers

    , Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, Vol: 53, Pages: 1607-1610, ISSN: 1521-3773
  • Report
    Nicholls J, Mawhood R, Gross R, Castillo Castillo Ret al., 2014,

    Evaluating Renewable Energy Policy: A Review of Criteria and Indicators for Assessment

    , Abu Dhabi, Publisher: IRENA and UKERC
  • Journal article
    Knott EJ, Bunnefeld N, Huber D, Reljic S, Kerezi V, Milner-Gulland EJet al., 2014,

    The potential impacts of changes in bear hunting policy for hunting organisations in Croatia

    , EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH, Vol: 60, Pages: 85-97, ISSN: 1612-4642

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