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  • Journal article
    Koenig SLB, Liyanage PS, Sigel RKO, Rueda Det al., 2013,

    Helicase-mediated changes in RNA structure at the single-molecule level

    , RNA BIOLOGY, Vol: 10, Pages: 133-148, ISSN: 1547-6286
  • Journal article
    Moncorge O, Long JS, Cauldwell AV, Zhou H, Lycett SJ, Barclay WSet al., 2013,

    Investigation of Influenza Virus Polymerase Activity in Pig Cells

    , JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Vol: 87, Pages: 384-394, ISSN: 0022-538X
  • Journal article
    Abaitua F, Zia R, Hollinshead M, O'Hare Pet al., 2013,

    Polarised cell migration during cell-to-cell transmission of herpes simplex virus in human skin keratinocytes.

    , Journal of Virology

    In addition to transmission involving extracellular free particles, a generally accepted model of virus propagation is one wherein virus replicates in one cell producing infectious particles that transmit to the next cell via cell junctions or induced polarised contacts. This mechanism of spread is especially important in the presence of neutralising antibody and the concept underpins analysis of virus spread, plaque size, viral and host functions and general mechanisms of virus propagation. Here we demonstrate a novel process involved in cell-to-cell transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) in human skin cells that has not previously been appreciated. Using time lapse microscopy of fluorescent viruses we show that HSV infection induces the polarised migration of skin cells into the site of infection. In the presence of neutralising antibody, uninfected skin cells migrate to the initial site of infection and spread over infected cells, to become infected in a spatially confined cluster containing hundreds of cells. The cells in this cluster do not undergo cytocidal cell lysis but harbour abundant enveloped particles within cells and cell-free virus within interstitial regions below the cluster surface. Cells at the base and outside the cluster were generally negative for virus immediate-early expression. We further show using spatially separated monolayer assays, that at least one component of this induced migration is the paracrine stimulation of a cytotactic response from infected cells to uninfected cells. The existence of this process changes our concept of virus transmission and the potential functions, virus and host factors involved.
  • Journal article
    Tzellos S, Farrell PJ, 2012,

    Epstein-barr virus sequence variation-biology and disease.

    , Pathogens, Vol: 1, Pages: 156-174, ISSN: 2076-0817

    Some key questions in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) biology center on whether naturally occurring sequence differences in the virus affect infection or EBV associated diseases. Understanding the pattern of EBV sequence variation is also important for possible development of EBV vaccines. At present EBV isolates worldwide can be grouped into Type 1 and Type 2, a classification based on the EBNA2 gene sequence. Type 1 EBV is the most prevalent worldwide but Type 2 is common in parts of Africa. Type 1 transforms human B cells into lymphoblastoid cell lines much more efficiently than Type 2 EBV. Molecular mechanisms that may account for this difference in cell transformation are now becoming clearer. Advances in sequencing technology will greatly increase the amount of whole EBV genome data for EBV isolated from different parts of the world. Study of regional variation of EBV strains independent of the Type 1/Type 2 classification and systematic investigation of the relationship between viral strains, infection and disease will become possible. The recent discovery that specific mutation of the EBV EBNA3B gene may be linked to development of diffuse large B cell lymphoma illustrates the importance that mutations in the virus genome may have in infection and human disease.
  • Journal article
    Sridhar S, Begom S, Bermingham A, Ziegler T, Roberts KL, Barclay WS, Openshaw P, Lalvani Aet al., 2012,

    Predominance of heterosubtypic IFN-?-only-secreting effector memory T cells in pandemic H1N1 naive adults

    , EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY, Vol: 42, Pages: 2913-2924, ISSN: 0014-2980
  • Journal article
    Hatzimichael E, Lo Nigro C, Lattanzio L, Syed N, Shah R, Dasoula A, Janczar K, Vivenza D, Monteverde M, Merlano M, Papoudou-Bai A, Bai M, Schmid P, Stebbing J, Bower M, Dyer MJS, Karran LE, ElguetaKarstegl C, Farrell PJ, Thompson A, Briasoulis E, Crook Tet al., 2012,

    The collagen prolyl hydroxylases are novel transcriptionally silenced genes in lymphoma

    , British Journal of Cancer, Vol: 107, Pages: 1423-1432, ISSN: 1532-1827
  • Journal article
    Abaitua F, Hollinshead M, Bolstad M, Crump CM, O'Hare Pet al., 2012,

    A Nuclear Localization Signal in Herpesvirus Protein VP1-2 Is Essential for Infection via Capsid Routing to the Nuclear Pore

    , JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Vol: 86, Pages: 8998-9014, ISSN: 0022-538X
  • Journal article
    Roberts KL, Shelton H, Stilwell P, Barclay WSet al., 2012,

    Transmission of a 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Virus Occurs before Fever Is Detected, in the Ferret Model

    , PLOS ONE, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1932-6203
  • Journal article
    Paschos K, Parker GA, Watanatanasup E, White RE, Allday MJet al., 2012,

    BIM promoter directly targeted by EBNA3C in polycomb-mediated repression by EBV

    , NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, Vol: 40, Pages: 7233-7246, ISSN: 0305-1048
  • Journal article
    Kwok H, Tong AHY, Lin CH, Lok S, Farrell PJ, Kwong DLW, Chiang AKSet al., 2012,

    Genomic Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Genome Isolated from Primary Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Biopsy

    , PLOS ONE, Vol: 7, ISSN: 1932-6203

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