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Journal articleJaureguiberry P, Titeux N, Wiemers M, et al., 2022,
The direct drivers of recent global anthropogenic biodiversity loss.
, Sci Adv, Vol: 8Effective policies to halt biodiversity loss require knowing which anthropogenic drivers are the most important direct causes. Whereas previous knowledge has been limited in scope and rigor, here we statistically synthesize empirical comparisons of recent driver impacts found through a wide-ranging review. We show that land/sea use change has been the dominant direct driver of recent biodiversity loss worldwide. Direct exploitation of natural resources ranks second and pollution third; climate change and invasive alien species have been significantly less important than the top two drivers. The oceans, where direct exploitation and climate change dominate, have a different driver hierarchy from land and fresh water. It also varies among types of biodiversity indicators. For example, climate change is a more important driver of community composition change than of changes in species populations. Stopping global biodiversity loss requires policies and actions to tackle all the major drivers and their interactions, not some of them in isolation.
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Journal articleFu Z, Ciais P, Feldman AF, et al., 2022,
Critical soil moisture thresholds of plant water stress in terrestrial ecosystems.
, Sci Adv, Vol: 8Plant water stress occurs at the point when soil moisture (SM) limits transpiration, defining a critical SM threshold (θcrit). Knowledge of the spatial distribution of θcrit is crucial for future projections of climate and water resources. Here, we use global eddy covariance observations to quantify θcrit and evaporative fraction (EF) regimes. Three canonical variables describe how EF is controlled by SM: the maximum EF (EFmax), θcrit, and slope (S) between EF and SM. We find systematic differences of these three variables across biomes. Variation in θcrit, S, and EFmax is mostly explained by soil texture, vapor pressure deficit, and precipitation, respectively, as well as vegetation structure. Dryland ecosystems tend to operate at low θcrit and show adaptation to water deficits. The negative relationship between θcrit and S indicates that dryland ecosystems minimize θcrit through mechanisms of sustained SM extraction and transport by xylem. Our results further suggest an optimal adaptation of local EF-SM response that maximizes growing-season evapotranspiration and photosynthesis.
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Journal articleJoshi J, Stocker BD, Hofhansl F, et al., 2022,
Towards a unified theory of plant photosynthesis and hydraulics
, NATURE PLANTS, ISSN: 2055-026X -
Journal articleZhu Z, Wang H, Harrison SP, et al., 2022,
Optimality principles explaining divergent responses of alpine vegetation to environmental change
, GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, ISSN: 1354-1013 -
Journal articleStemkovski M, Bell JR, Ellwood ER, et al., 2022,
Disorder or a new order: How climate change affects phenological variability
, ECOLOGY, ISSN: 0012-9658 -
Journal articleMatthews TJ, Wayman JP, Cardoso P, et al., 2022,
Threatened and extinct island endemic birds of the world: Distribution, threats and functional diversity
, JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Vol: 49, Pages: 1920-1940, ISSN: 0305-0270 -
Journal articleChen JM, Wang R, Liu Y, et al., 2022,
Global datasets of leaf photosynthetic capacity for ecological and earth system research
, EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE DATA, Vol: 14, Pages: 4077-4093, ISSN: 1866-3508 -
Journal articleLiu M, Prentice IC, Menviel L, et al., 2022,
Past rapid warmings as a constraint on greenhouse-gas climate feedbacks
, COMMUNICATIONS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 3 -
Journal articleProbert AF, Wegmann D, Volery L, et al., 2022,
Identifying, reducing, and communicating uncertainty in community science: a focus on alien species
, BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS, Vol: 24, Pages: 3395-3421, ISSN: 1387-3547 -
Journal articleMullin VE, Stephen W, Arce AN, et al., 2022,
First large-scale quantification study of DNA preservation in insects from natural history collections using genome-wide sequencing
, METHODS IN ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, ISSN: 2041-210X- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 1
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Journal articleArce AN, Cantwell-Jones A, Tansley M, et al., 2022,
Signatures of increasing environmental stress in bumblebee wings over the past century: Insights from museum specimens
, JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, ISSN: 0021-8790 -
Journal articleKhatri BS, Burt A, 2022,
A theory of resistance to multiplexed gene drive demonstrates the significant role of weakly deleterious natural genetic variation.
, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol: 119Evolution of resistance is a major barrier to successful deployment of gene-drive systems to suppress natural populations, which could greatly reduce the burden of many vector-borne diseases. Multiplexed guide RNAs (gRNAs) that require resistance mutations in all target cut sites are a promising antiresistance strategy since, in principle, resistance would only arise in unrealistically large populations. Using stochastic simulations that accurately model evolution at very large population sizes, we explore the probability of resistance due to three important mechanisms: 1) nonhomologous end-joining mutations, 2) single-nucleotide mutants arising de novo, or 3) single-nucleotide polymorphisms preexisting as standing variation. Our results explore the relative importance of these mechanisms and highlight a complexity of the mutation-selection-drift balance between haplotypes with complete resistance and those with an incomplete number of resistant alleles. We find that this leads to a phenomenon where weakly deleterious naturally occurring variants greatly amplify the probability of multisite resistance compared to de novo mutation. This key result provides design criterion for antiresistance multiplexed systems, which, in general, will need a larger number of gRNAs compared to de novo expectations. This theory may have wider application to the evolution of resistance or evolutionary rescue when multiple changes are required before selection can act.
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Journal articleChik HYJ, Sparks AM, Schroeder J, et al., 2022,
A meta-analysis on the heritability of vertebrate telomere length
, JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Vol: 35, Pages: 1283-1295, ISSN: 1010-061X -
Journal articleDong N, Prentice IC, Wright IJ, et al., 2022,
Leaf nitrogen from the perspective of optimal plant function
, JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Vol: 110, Pages: 2585-2602, ISSN: 0022-0477 -
Journal articleDobson B, Barry S, Maes-Prior R, et al., 2022,
Predicting catchment suitability for biodiversity at national scales
, WATER RESEARCH, Vol: 221, ISSN: 0043-1354 -
Journal articleBarker J, Davies J, Goralczyk M, et al., 2022,
The distribution, ecology and predicted habitat use of the Critically Endangered angelshark (Squatina squatina) in coastal waters of Wales and the central Irish Sea
, JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY, Vol: 101, Pages: 640-658, ISSN: 0022-1112 -
Journal articleRurangwa ML, Niyigaba P, Tobias JA, et al., 2022,
Functional and phylogenetic diversity of an agricultural matrix avifauna: The role of habitat heterogeneity in Afrotropical farmland
, ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, Vol: 12, ISSN: 2045-7758 -
Journal articleCruz-Silva E, Harrison SP, Marinova E, et al., 2022,
A new method based on surface-sample pollen data for reconstructing palaeovegetation patterns
, JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, Vol: 49, Pages: 1381-1396, ISSN: 0305-0270 -
Journal articleChristensen AK, Piggott MD, van Sebille E, et al., 2022,
Investigating microscale patchiness of motile microbes under turbulence in a simulated convective mixed layer.
, PLoS Comput Biol, Vol: 18Microbes play a primary role in aquatic ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Spatial patchiness is a critical factor underlying these activities, influencing biological productivity, nutrient cycling and dynamics across trophic levels. Incorporating spatial dynamics into microbial models is a long-standing challenge, particularly where small-scale turbulence is involved. Here, we combine a fully 3D direct numerical simulation of convective mixed layer turbulence, with an individual-based microbial model to test the key hypothesis that the coupling of gyrotactic motility and turbulence drives intense microscale patchiness. The fluid model simulates turbulent convection caused by heat loss through the fluid surface, for example during the night, during autumnal or winter cooling or during a cold-air outbreak. We find that under such conditions, turbulence-driven patchiness is depth-structured and requires high motility: Near the fluid surface, intense convective turbulence overpowers motility, homogenising motile and non-motile microbes approximately equally. At greater depth, in conditions analogous to a thermocline, highly motile microbes can be over twice as patch-concentrated as non-motile microbes, and can substantially amplify their swimming velocity by efficiently exploiting fast-moving packets of fluid. Our results substantiate the predictions of earlier studies, and demonstrate that turbulence-driven patchiness is not a ubiquitous consequence of motility but rather a delicate balance of motility and turbulent intensity.
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Journal articleFischer SH, De Oliveira JAA, Mumford JD, et al., 2022,
Exploring a relative harvest rate strategy for moderately data-limited fisheries management
, ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE, Vol: 79, Pages: 1730-1741, ISSN: 1054-3139 -
Journal articleIglesias-Carrasco M, Tobias JA, Duchene DA, 2022,
Bird lineages colonizing urban habitats have diversified at high rates across deep time
, GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY, Vol: 31, Pages: 1784-1793, ISSN: 1466-822X -
Journal articleTriantis KA, Rigal F, Whittaker RJ, et al., 2022,
Deterministic assembly and anthropogenic extinctions drive convergence of island bird communities
, GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY, Vol: 31, Pages: 1741-1755, ISSN: 1466-822X- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 1
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Journal articleBanks-Leite C, Betts MG, Ewers RM, et al., 2022,
The macroecology of landscape ecology
, TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION, Vol: 37, Pages: 480-487, ISSN: 0169-5347- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 2
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Journal articleKeenan TFC, Luo X, De Kauwe MG, et al., 2022,
A constraint on historic growth in global photosynthesis due to increasing CO2 (Retraction of Vol 600, Pg 253, 2021)
, NATURE, Vol: 606, Pages: 420-420, ISSN: 0028-0836 -
Journal articleConnolly JB, Mumford JD, Glandorf DCM, et al., 2022,
Recommendations for environmental risk assessment of gene drive applications for malaria vector control
, MALARIA JOURNAL, Vol: 21- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 1
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Journal articleShen Y, Sweeney L, Liu M, et al., 2022,
Reconstructing burnt area during the Holocene: an Iberian case study
, Climate of the Past, ISSN: 1814-9324 -
Journal articleBennett S, Girndt A, Sanchez-Tojar A, et al., 2022,
Evidence of Paternal Effects on Telomere Length Increases in Early Life
, FRONTIERS IN GENETICS, Vol: 13- Author Web Link
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- Citations: 1
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Journal articleHaas O, Prentice IC, Harrison SP, 2022,
Global environmental controls of wildfire burnt area, size and intensity.
, Environmental Research Letters, ISSN: 1748-9326 -
Journal articlejones S, Bell T, Woodward G, et al., 2022,
Testing bats in rehabilitation for SARS-CoV-2 before release into the wild
, Conservation Science and Practice, ISSN: 2578-4854 -
Journal articleQuinlan MM, Mumford JD, Benedict MQ, et al., 2022,
Can there be a common, risk-based framework for decisions around live insect trade?
, Rev Sci Tech, Vol: 41, Pages: 219-227, ISSN: 0253-1933A network of scientists involved in shipment of live insects has met and generated a series of articles on issues related to live insect transport. The network is diverse, covering large-scale commercial interests, government operated areawide control programmes, biomedical research and many smaller applications, in research, education and private uses. Many insect species have a record of safe transport, pose minimal risks and are shipped frequently between countries. The routine shipments of the most frequently used insect model organism for biomedical research, Drosophila melanogaster, is an example. Successful large scale shipments from commercial biocontrol and pollinator suppliers also demonstrate precedents for low-risk shipment categories, delivered in large volumes to high quality standards. Decision makers need access to more information (publications or official papers) that details actual risks from the insects themselves or their possible contaminants, and should propose proportionate levels of management. There may be harm to source environments when insects are collected directly from the wild, and there may be harm to receiving environments. Several risk frameworks include insects and various international coordinating bodies, with experience of guidance on relevant risks, exist. All stakeholders would benefit from an integrated overview of guidance for insect shipping, with reference to types of risk and categories of magnitude, without trying for a single approach requiring universal agreement. Proposals for managing uncertainty and lack of data for smaller or infrequent shipments, for example, must not disrupt trade in large volumes of live insects, which are already supporting strategic objectives in several sectors.
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